What term describes the reduction of microorganisms on objects and surfaces?

The term that specifically refers to the reduction of microorganisms on objects and surfaces is known as "disinfection." This process involves using chemical substances or physical methods to eliminate or significantly reduce harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, to a level that is considered safe. Disinfection is crucial in healthcare settings, including ophthalmic surgeries, to prevent infections and ensure a sterile environment for procedures.

Disinfection differs from other terms like sanitization, which aims to reduce microorganisms to a safe level but may not eliminate all pathogens. Similarly, decontamination involves removing contaminants but can refer to a broader range of processes than just the reduction of microorganisms. Cleaning, on the other hand, primarily focuses on the removal of dirt and debris, rather than directly addressing the microbial load.

In the context of maintaining a sterile environment for surgical procedures, understanding these distinctions is essential for implementing appropriate infection control measures.