How is temporary paralysis of the extraocular muscles typically achieved?

Temporary paralysis of the extraocular muscles is commonly achieved through retrobulbar injections. This technique involves administering an anesthetic agent directly into the retrobulbar space behind the eyeball, which allows for localized anesthesia and paralysis of the extraocular muscles. By doing so, surgeons can facilitate procedures on the eye without involuntary movements that could complicate surgery.

This method is particularly effective because it targets the muscles directly while ensuring that other structures remain unaffected. The duration of paralysis can vary depending on the agent used and the concentration, but it allows fine control over the eye movements during surgical intervention.

In contrast, other methods like topical anesthetics primarily numb the surface of the eye without providing deep muscle paralysis. Oral medications generally do not achieve the localized effect required for muscle paralysis and may take longer to act, which isn't ideal for immediate surgical needs. General anesthesia affects the entire body and is not typically necessary when only the extraocular muscles require temporary immobilization. Thus, retrobulbar injections are the preferred method for achieving temporary paralysis of the extraocular muscles.